Assessing States and Universities in Nigeria - Beauty in the Eyes of the Beholder

I.  INTRODUCTION
 As a teacher, I hear this kind of statement all the time from students:   “I got an A in Chemistry but the teacher gave me an F in English!”. I guess that is what some state governors and university vice-chancellors in Nigeria have been saying in recent days – except that the subject matter is quality of governance and education in their states and universities rather than in Chemistry and in English.  This is due to the results of two sets of assessments have made their rounds in Nigeria in recent months  which have set tongues wagging:

(i)                   National Media Tour of state government and governors organized by the National Union of Journalists and the  Ministry  of Information and National Orientation (Minister: Professor Jerry Gana)

(ii)                 Quality assurance exercise on universities organized by the National Universities Commissions’ (NUC Executive Secretary: Prof. Peter Okebukola.)

Reading through newspaper excerpts and commentaries of  the National Media Tour, and reading through a hard-copy of the NUC report (that I obtained during my recent visit to Nigeria),  I have been caused both some pain as well as some rip-roaring laughter.

Let me “assess” each assessment seriatim:

II.                   THE NATIONAL MEDIA TOUR

On Tuesday, January 22 , 2002, in a  "Salute to Excellence" ceremony at  the International Conference Centre, Abuja,  the NUJ and NOA (National Orientation Agency) presented the results of  their joint National Media Tour to Nigeria.  It was a culmination  of an assess-the-states-assess-the-governors tour that commenced on June 25, 2001in Edo State and ended November 7, 2001 in Plateau State.  It saw hundreds of millions of naira – some say billions -  spent in a 30-state tour – or jamboree. 

Let Jerry Gana write for himself why this tour was embarked upon:

QUOTE

http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/salute/index/preface.htm

With the restoration of democracy and good governance, the overriding concern of most Nigerians has come to focus largely on the ideology of development. There is a strong and popular conviction that democracy must not only ensure good governance, it must also produce development, in terms of a profound transformation of the quality of life. In the past, there was so much lip service paid to issues of development. Now there is a strong emphasis for a practical translation of development plans into concrete projects which would positively touch the lives of the masses.

2. Against the background of such a genuine thirst for change and qualitative transformation, democratically elected Governments have come under intense pressure to deliver the so-called “dividends of democracy”. Expectations were very high. As such, critics took the centre stage, before the second anniversary of Democracy Day, to severely criticize both the Federal and State Governments for alleged non-performance. In the circumstances, democratic governance was subjected to a serious credibility test.

3. It was in response to this challenge that I presented a memo to the National Council on Information to propose a National Media Tour. The key objective of the Tour was to expose the achievements of elected Governments, at Federal, State and Local levels, to the general public via radio, television and the mass media. The agreed strategy was subsequently approved by Mr. President, and the Tour commenced in June 2001 from Edo State. As presented in the following programme, the Tour took the Team of Journalists and officials of Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation to each State of the Federal Republic:

--- some materials deleted ---

I am delighted to report that we were joyfully impressed by the extent of positive achievements in most of the States and by the Federal Government. Even more impressive was the fact that most of the projects we inspected were people-oriented and highly relevant, such as education, healthcare, water supply, power supply, rural and urban roads, housing, agricultural transformation, rural development, and crime control. Unfortunately, some States performed below average and the Media Team had the patriotic courage to say so at the people’s fora that were organised in each State.

4. The positive findings of the Tour were so clear that critics had to either bow their heads in shame or change the contents of their unfounded attacks. Suddenly, it was no longer possible to claim that democracy had achieved nothing, because the presentations of concrete findings spoke clearly for themselves. What remains is for us to urge both Mr. President and the Governors to sustain this tempo of development activities. We must never relax the determination to strive for even greater achievements since we still have much more to be done. Fortunately, the Media Tour also ignited a healthy spirit of competition among State Governors.
UNQUOTE

It appears that Prof. Gana sincerely believes – and insists -  that we the people MUST be told how our governments are doing -  as if we are blind!

Anyway, a  capsule of the results is as follows:

(i)                   Excellence awards in:

Education                                            

Rural Electrification                                 

Urban Water Supply                                

Rural Roads                                         

Environmental Sanitation                          Rural Water supply                                

Housing                                                

Urban Roads                                         

Health Care Delivery                              

Health Care Training Institution                  

Agricultural Development                          Crime Control    

Kogi, Bauchi, Ebonyi and Kano

Bauchi, Niger, Kogi, Kaduna and Rivers

Niger, Gombe, Kaduna and Sokoto

Ebonyi, Bauchi, Kogi and Kaduna

Cross River and Rivers

Kogi, Bauchi and Delta

Kogi, Bayelsa, Rivers and Kano

Bauchi, Abia, Cross River, FCT and Kwara States

Rivers, Bauchi, Ebonyi and Kogi States

Kebbi State

Cross River

Anambra

(ii) Overall Performance Gold Award - 

Abia, Bauchi, Ebonyi, Gombe, Kogi, Rivers, Kano, Edo, Bayelsa and Cross River States

(iii) Overall Performance Award Silver Medal - 

Nasarawa, Enugu, Benue, Katsina, Adamawa, FCT, Borno, Anambra, Sokoto, Delta, Kwara, Niger, Kaduna and Kebbi

(iv) Gold Trophy for Excellence in Governance -  Rivers State

(v) The Star Award for Democracy  - President Olusegun Obasanjo

(vi) States Inspected, but  with No Awards at All - Akwa-Ibom, Imo, Jigawa, Plateau, Taraba, Yobe, Zamfara

(vii) States Not Inspected,  hence No Awards Due  – Lagos, Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Ekiti and Ondo

Very wisely, it turns out that all the six Alliance for Democracy governors shut their doors FIRMLY to Jerry Gana, a step which some of the other governors have since publicly lamented that they wished they took!  “How could you allow a PDP fox into the AD chicken coop? “ the AD governors scoffed in unison.  The governor of my own Ekiti state, Niyi Adebayo, quite wily behind his permanent  boyish smile, described the whole charade “as the anointing service for second term seeking governors, and a clandestine-way to discrediting and running down the Alliance for Democracy (AD) governors and those who were not in their good books.”   After all, an Afenifere delegation – with Professor Bolaji Akinyemi, Chief Cornelius Adebayo and others as members – had earlier on assessed all AD governors, given its own report and was far more discreet in their criticisms were applicable than Jerry’s report.

For example, let us read in particular governor Haruna of Adamawa and then a Yobe-an complaint:

QUOTE

http://www.vanguardngr.com/news/articles/2002/February/27022002/r4270202.htm

"YOLA, ADAMAWA—AS criticism of the recent National Media Award rages, Gov. Boni Haruna of Adamawa says the event has created problems for many governors……They did not tell us they were coming to the field to assess us and even if they came for such purpose, there are standards, variables and indices, not corruptive and unjustifiable ways of assessment,’’ he said. Haruna said some governors had taken the award philosophically, "particularly some of us who allowed ourselves to be visited, unlike governors in AD-controlled states who shut their doors to everybody because they knew the likely outcome of the media tour". He said AD governors were better off in the circumstance, because nobody was going to use the media award to judge them……

UNQUOTE

QUOTE

http://allafrica.com/stories/200201270053.html

Gov. Bukar Ibrahim of Yobe has questioned the legality of the merit award presented to some state governors at a ceremony to conclude the national media tour on Tuesday in Abuja. Answering questions from newsmen on Wednesday in Damaturu, Ibrahim said that the ceremony: "Salute to Execellence", organised by the Ministry of Information and National Orientation, in conjunction with the NUJ, was "a showmanship of those who have contact with the press". He said he was dismayed with the national media tour team, led by the information minister, Prof. Jerry Gana, for not acknowledging some of his achievements in the agricultural sector. The governor said he would protest the award "since we are in a democratic period and not a military regime". "The judges are the people and the final judge is God; so let's leave it like that," he said.

UNQUOTE

Ah!  Oh well!    That inevitable - and desperate - appeal to God!

Finally, there is at least one ministerial colleague of Jerry Gana who was not happy with him:  transport minister Ojo Maduekwe.  Apparently he was upset that his arch-enemy (?) governor Orji Kalu of Abia State was “given” three medals: Gold each for good governance, sports development and urban road development.  How then could he, Maduekwe, unseat  Kalu in Abia State if and when he declared for the governorship of their joint state? Let us read the following report:

QUOTE

Media reports have it that a few days later, the transport minister threw caution to the winds at the federal executive council meeting to hit at his colleague, Jerry Gana, for not rigging Kalu out of the awards. A report by a national daily last weekened said Maduekwe alleged that the awards to Kalu were "induced".

UNQUOTE

Induced ke?  Well, that is now Maduekwe’s problem.

Furthermore, it is interesting to note that all of the states that were awarded “Excellence in Education” medals were recently listed as part of the 26 “educationally disadvantaged” in Nigeria and hence in need of preferential treatment.  Once can only presume that the “Excellence” was in trying to redress the disadvantage. 

Another interesting award: the “Excellence in Crime Control”  award given to Anambra State is at worst dubious and at best a testament to effectiveness of the roving Bakassi Boys a.k.a. OPC of Anambra State!

Finally, the howler,  a typical Jerry Gana-ian move:  kindly repeat  the recipient of  “Star Award for Democracy”!!!   Thank you.  That was enough to discredit the entire exercise. 

“Nuff said.

--- 

Well, what is one lesson to be learnt here?  Since we are tippy-toeing into the re-election season, therefore, according to NUJ and NOA, we might draw the following conclusions:

1.        Olusegun Obasanjo CERTAINLY deserves to be re-elected as president.

2.        Peter Odili of Rivers State MOST DESERVES re-election as governor of Rivers State for best overall governance.  His state  was mentioned for SIX awards.

3.        Next are governors Mu’azu of Bauchi and Audu of Kogi State, because each state was mentioned SEVEN whole TIMES for awards. Audu sure deserves his 10-month-old $1.7 million house here in Washington DC’s exclusive Potomac!  Maybe Odili and Mu’azu are next?

http://www.washingtonian.com/images/JAN_house_audu.jpg

                              http://www.washingtonian.com/thismonth/class/housesales.html

4.        Mentioned for four awards – Kaduna’s Makarfi, Ebonyi’s Egwu, Cross-River’s Duke. They certainly deserve re-election.

5.        Mentioned for three awards each – Niger’s Kure and Kano’s Kwakwanso. They deserve re-election.

6.        Mentioned for two awards each – Sokoto’s Bafawara,    Kebbi’s Aliru,  Kwara’s Lawal, Gombe’s Hashidu, Bayelsa’s Alamieseyegha, Delta’s Ibori, Anambra’s Mbadinuju and Abia’s Orji Kalu.  They may deserve election.

7.        Mentioned for one award each – Edo’s Igbinedion, Enugu’s Nnamani, Benue’s Akume, Katsina’s Yar’Adua, Adamawa’s Haruna, Nassarawa’s Adamu  and Borno’s Kachalla.

They must try harder between now and election time if they are to deserve re-election.

8.        The following 7 governors do not deserve re-election since they received no awards:

Akwa-Ibom’s Obong Atta, Imo’s Udenwa, Jigawa’s Turaki, Plateau’s Dariye, Taraba’s Nyame, Yobe’s Ibrahim and  Zamfara’s Sani Yerima.

9.        And there was no basis for assessing the following governors since they skipped class:

Lagos’ Tinubu, Ogun’s Osoba, Oyo’s Adesina, Osun’s Akande,  Ekiti’s Adebayo and Ondo’s Adefarati.

Another lesson?  Be careful of whoever invites himself to tour your state!

III.    THE NUC ASSESSMENT OF UNIVERSITIES 
In February 2002, the NUC Executive Secretary, Prof. Peter Okebukuola, unveiled a report of a 1999/2000 accreditation exercise of the 36 federal and state universities in the nation.  According to Okebukola, the report’s author, the aims of the exercise were noble:

QUOTE

This work presents the ranking of universities according to the performance of their academic programmes in the 1999 and 2000 comprehensive accreditation exercise.  It is the second time that the National Universities Commission would conduct a comprehensive accreditaton of the first degree programmes at all the Nigerian universities, the first time being 1990 and 1991…..The ranking of the universities according to the performance of their academic programmes is a premier exercise in the annals of university education in Nigeria. 

The league tables in this document rank the universities according to the performance of their individual academic programmes, academic disciplines and whole institutional programmes in the 1999 and 2000 accreditation exercise.  It is the hope of the Commission that these tables will encourage those who are at the top of the table in the different disciplines to strive to maintain their lead.  It is also our hope that those who have trailed will seek to improve and beat the front-runners.  Whereas these league tables, in their present form, are useful indices for comparing academic quality of university programmes, every effort will be made by the Commission to improve the diversity of the  performance indicators utitilzed for this purpose in subsequent exercises.

UNQUOTE

The overall results are given in Table 1 adapted from the report:

Table 1:  Results of Ranking Exercise by NUC Based on the Quality of Academic Programmes as Captured during the 1999/20-00 NUC Accreditation Exercise

Overall  University                                             Generation           Quality Index (Out of 5)

1.    University of Agriculture, Abeokuta                    Third                      3.74

2.    University of Agriculture, Umudike                     Third                      3.60

3.    University of Nigeria, Nsukka                             First                       3.51

4.    University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos                      First                        3.39

5.    Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi       Third                       3.33

5.    Fed. University of Technology, Owerri                Third                       3.33

7.    University of Jos, Jos                                        Second                    3.30

8.    Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka                       Second                    3.23

9.    Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna                   Third                       3.20

10.  Imo State University, Owerri                              State                      3.19

11.  University of Agriculture, Makurdi                       Third                       3.18

12.  Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria                           First                        3.14

12.  Bayero University, Kano                                     Second                   3.14        

12.  University of Ilorin, Ilorin                                    Second                   3.14

15.  Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye               State                      3.11

16.  University of Ibadan, Ibadan/1948                       First                        3.02

17.  Fed. University of Technology, Minna                    Third                      3.00

18.  University of Ado-Ekiti                                         State                       2.93

19.  Obafemi Awolowo Univ. (University of Ife), Ile-Ife  First                        2.93

20.  University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri                         Second                   2.89

21.  Enugu State University, Enugu                              State                       2.84

22.  University of Calabar, Calabar                              Second                   2.76

23.  Usmanu Dan Fodio University, Sokoto                    Second                   2.75

24.  University of Benin, Benin City                              First                        2.70

25.  University of Port Harcourt, PH                              Second                   2.68

26.  Abia State University, Uturu                                  State                       2.66

27.  Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos                         State                       2.64

27.  Fed. University of Technology, Akure                      Third                      2.64

29.  Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso                    State                     2.46

30.  University of Uyo, Uyo                                           Second                   2.43

31.  Benue State University, Makurdi                             State                       2.36

32.  Federal University of Technology, Yola                    Third                      2.33

33.  Delta State University, Abraka                               State                       2.21

34.  University of Abuja, Abuja FCT                               Second                   2.21

35.  Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma                            State                       2.14

36.  Rivers State Univ. of Sc. & Technology, PH              State                       2.13       

Source: “National Universities Commission: Quality Assurance in Nigerian Universities Volume 1 [Ranking of Nigerian Universities According to Performance of their Academic Programmes in the 1999 and 2000 Accreditation Exercise.]  Published by the NUC, February 2002.
From Table 1, we will note the following:

Average MAQ Index

The 6 First Generation Federal Universities                                           3.11

The 10 Second Generation Federal Universities                           2.85

The 9 Third Generation Federal Universities                                           3.15

The 11 State Universities                                                                           2.60

All 36 Universities                                                                           2.89

First, let me formally object to the notion of a funding agency (here the NUC as an agent of the Federal/state governments) RANKING universities by whatever assessments. The NUC should simply have confined its actions to noting strengths and deficiencies, granting full or interim ACCREDITATION to various programmes,  or denying such. Thus, rankings should have been left to the province of popular journalism.  Nevertheless, those ranked high are bound to glory in the ranking, and those ranked low moan and complain.  For example, on a personal note, having just cursorily visited the University of Ado-Ekiti and Obafemi Awolowo University (University of Ife) in the past few days, I am particularly irked that UNAD is ranked above my alma mater, Great  Ife.  Nevertheless, no matter their flaws, and as Prof. Okebukola has hinted, accreditation reports and rankings such as this one are used by universities not only as a weapon to seek for more funds from benefactors, but also to measure progress when compared with previous reports.

To those extents, the present NUC exercise is a welcome one.

Secondly, from the average MAQ index scores, it appears that while the first-generation federal universities (Ibadan, Lagos, Ife, Nsukka, Ahmadu Bello and Benin) are still struggling to hold their own as a group, they have been collectively outstripped by the 9 third-generation federal universities (that is the Universities of Agriculture in Abeokuta, Umudike and Makurdi, the Federal Universities of Technology in Owerri, Minna, Akure and Yola, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University and the Nigeria Defence Academy) who seem to have avoided any mistakes that the 10 second-generation federal universities (Jos, NAU, BUK, Ilorin, Maiduguri, Calabar, UDU, Port Harcourt, Uyo and Abuja)  might have made.

Thirdly, the 11 state universities as a group did not fare well at all, with nine of them occupying half of the slots within the bottom positions 18 to 36 of the rankings table!  This is further evidence of weakness of our federal structure – states vis-à-vis the federal government.

Let us make one further note:  thirty-six universities nationwide mean that we have on average one university per state in Nigeria.  With a population of 120 million, a current literacy rate of 57% and a university-age population 18 – 25 of about 20%, that would mean 380,000 university-going citizens per state.  If only 40% of these went to university, that would make 152,000 students per state.    With  student populations roughly as follows:

QUOTE

Source http://www.black-collegian.com/issues/1997-10/bumpy.shtml

Ahmadu Bello University  ~ 30,000

University of Benin ~ 21,000

University of Calabar ~ 17,000

University of Ibadan ~ 13,000

University of Ilorin  ~ 10,000

University of Jos ~ 13,500

University of Lagos ~ 23,000

University of Nigeria, Nsukka ~ 18,000

Obafemi Awolowo University  ~ 18,500
 University of PH ~ 11,000

UNQUOTE
we would need to have on average 3 – 5 more universities per state at an average of 30,000 students each –  that is after sometimes more than doubling the present size of many of the universities listed above!

Thus, the results of the present accreditation exercise highlight two problems:  maintaining the standards of the present set of universities that we have, and obtaining funds to enlarge the student population and increase the number of universities.  That is a tough road in light of the following communique:

QUOTE

http://www.oauife.edu.ng/News/News.htm#40years

COMMUNIQUE ISSUED AT THE END OF THE REGULAR MEETING OF COMMITTEE OF VICE-CHANCELLORS OF NIGERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITIES HELD ON 18TH OCTOBER, 2001

The Committee of Vice-Chancellors of Nigerian Federal Universities (CVC) at its regular meeting of 18th October, 2001 reviewed the current problems facing the Nigerian University system.

1. The CVC observed that the university system is in crisis largely due to under-funding. From the beginning of this year, the Universities have received only 40% of what is required to pay salaries monthly. Consequently, Universities have been unable to pay salaries and allowances as and when due. Many universities have exhausted their reserves and borrowed money from financial institutions in order to sustain payments of emoluments. Moreover, only 30% of year 2001 capital grants had been received by the Universities. The result of this is that many projects are either stalled, abandoned or put on hold.

2. The CVC noted:

(a)    The efforts of the Federal Government, the Honourable Minister Education and the Executive Secretary, NUC to bring sanity into the system by entering into agreement with all the unions in the university system.

(b)      That N5 billion had been released to service the 22% increase in basic salaries from May to December, 2001.

3.       (a)  The CVC however, observed that the financial crisis in the Universities still remains unsolved as issues such as the payment of Examination Administration Allowance including arrears from January 1999 and shortfalls in the payment of monthly salaries for years 2000 and 200 still remain unsolved.

(b) The CVC further noted with concern the impending crisis within the University system arising from the implementation of the agreement signed between the Federal Government and various workers unions.

4.       CVC therefore implores the Federal Government to urgently address the following issues in order to bring stability into the university system and avert the impending crisis;

(a) Immediate release of shortfalls in payment of emoluments for years 2000 and 2001 (b) Release of 2nd to 4th quarter capital grants for year 2001.

(b) Release of funds to service Examination Administration Allowance owed to non-teaching staff since January 1, 1999.

(c) Take firm action to resolve various issues arising from the implementation of the 2001 agreement with university workers.

UNQUOTE

It now appears that certain aspects of  “non- implementation of the 2001 agreement with university workers”  has resulted in a new ASUU industrial action (strike) that begins TODAY! http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news2/nn851902.html

What a life!

IV.                THE CONNECTION – THE MEDIA AWARDS, STATE UNIVERSITIES AND GOVERNORS

If we were to look only at the state universities rankings – where the state governors are the officially designated VISITORS -  we would see that:

Rank                University                                     MAQ Index       Governor

1.             Imo State University, Owerri                    3.19                Udenwa

2.             Ogun State University, Ago-Iwoye            3.11                Osoba

3.             University of Ado-Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti               2.93                Adebayo

4.             Enugu State University, Enugu                  2.84                Nnamani

5.             Abia State University, Uturu                     2.66                Kalu

6.             Lagos State University, Ago-Iwoye            2.64                Tinubu

7.             Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso         2.46                Adesina

8.             Benue State University, Makurdi                 2.36                Akume

9.             Delta State University, Abraka                   2.21                Ibori

10.           Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma                  2.14                Igbinedion

11.           Rivers State University of Sci. & Tech, PH    2.13                Odili

Left to this “yours-truly” university professor, any state governor whose state university scored a failing MAQ score – that is below 2.5 out of 5 – should not be re-elected.  From this last table above, that “un-reelectables” list of five governors once again includes Udenwa of Imo State, but more ironically, it also includes Peter Odili whose state university (Rivers State University of Sci. & Tech ) was DEAD LAST in the overall ratings, and yet he  received  the most coveted Gold Trophy for Excellence in Governance during the National Media Tour!

Well, that list of “un-reelectables” is my viewpoint, and I am sticking with it.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.vanguardngr.com/news/articles/2001/October/05102001/n3051001.htm

Stay off AD states, Commissioners warn Gana

Vanguard, Friday, 5th October, 2001

http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/10/09/20011009news16.html

Gana Decries AD Governors' Position on Media Tour
This Day  October 9, 2001

http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/04/12/20010412news26.html

Afenifere Team on Assessment Tour of AD States
This Day April 12, 2001

http://www.thisdayonline.com/archive/2001/10/14/20011014pol03.html

Executive Watch: A Road Show Gone Sour

ThisDay Ocotober 10, 2001

http://www.vanguardngr.com/news/articles/2001/October/14102001/fs141001.htm

Media tour without Gana: Performance and propaganda – Dele Sobowale

Vanguard Sunday 14th October, 2001

http://www.vanguardngr.com/news/articles/2001/November/04112001/vp141101.htm

Media tour: The undeserved vituperation

Vanguard 4th November, 2001

http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news2/nn842109.html

Governors oppose release of media tour's result

Guardian, December 10, 2001

http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news2/nn846705.html

Yobe governor faults media tour award, as Ebonyi celebrates

Guardian, Friday, January 25, 2002.

http://allafrica.com/stories/200201270053.html

Yobe Governor Challenges Legality of Media Tour Merit Award

This Day (Lagos) January 26, 2002

http://209.225.9.134/stories/200201290340.html

Thrills And Funfair As Media Reward Excellence

Daily Trust (Abuja) January 29, 2002

http://allafrica.com/stories/200202190512.html

Media Tour Awards; I'm Not Worried, Says Nnamani

Vanguard (Lagos) February 19, 2002

http://www.vanguardngr.com/news/articles/2002/February/27022002/r4270202.htm

Media award has created problems—Boni Haruna

Vanguard, Wednesday, 27th February, 2002

http://www.nigerian-tribune.com/Gov.htm

Gov. Attah and the Media tour reports

Tribune, March 5, 2002

http://www.washingtonian.com/thismonth/class/housesales.html

http://www.washingtonian.com/images/JAN_house_audu.jpg

Washingtonian Online - House Sales of the Year
... Governor Abubakar Audu, of Nigeria's Kogi state, purchased a Colonial on more than three Potomac acres for $1,720,000. ...

http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news2/nn851902.html

Varsity forecloses recall of sacked teachers as ASUU begins strike

Guardian Monday, March 18, 2002.